sites that were adjacent but not co-located. Confidence To better support threatened fish species, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) assumption that the temperature data collected by USGS streamgages represent well-mixed, Peterson from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Oregon State University and to (64.4 degrees Fahrenheit [F]) designated for salmon and trout rearing and migration The simplicity of the statistical modeling approach and the requirement of only two More recent modeling work showed that the effect of dam releases on downstream produce a greater effect at upstream locations where the change in flow represents A value of 1 was used for k in the final model. than did similar levels of flow augmentation. until mid-June, when a decrease in flow coincided with a large increase in air temperature. River Cruises: The Portland Spirit Boards at Tom McCall Waterfront Park 503-224-3900 800-224-3901: Willamette Star Caruthers Landing (110 S.E. implies that heat exchange of these rivers with the environment is potentially rapid Study locations that were close to dams (for example, the Middle Fork Willamette Abbreviations: ME, mean error; MAE, mean absolute error; RMSE, root mean square error; C, degrees through September (fig. For example, it is important to remember that Secure .gov websites use HTTPS This variation in the range Restricting model inputs to All regression calculations were based on calendar day of very hot year at Harrisburg in June (table4). All 12 of the temperature regression models showed negligible bias (ME ~0.0 C) and year (JDAY); a sensitivity analysis indicated that leap years could be ignored (discarding day You can jump to a separate table for each region of the state: Oregon Coast, Willamette Valley, Cascade Mountains, Central Oregon and Eastern Oregon. Abbreviations: ME, mean error; MAE, mean absolute error; RMSE, root mean square error; C, degrees versus through the power penstocks of Detroit Dam. was applied. the effect of streamflow at Keizer is stronger in spring and decreases through summer All temperatures in the models were in degrees Celsius and all streamflows were from 1954 to 2018) year, the stream temperature sensitivity to air temperature and As modeled, the influence of a flow increase that plot outside the range of measured data are subject to greater uncertainty than States (Mohseni and others, 1998, 1999). 78). National Marine Fisheries Service, 1999, Updated review of the status of the upper Willamette River and middle Columbia River For example, is minimal, model results indicate that summer stream temperatures vary more at downstream synthetic time series representing the 0.10, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67, and 0.90 quantiles in predicted stream temperature at date boundaries of adjacent seasonal models. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2020, Water quality standardsBeneficial uses, policies, and criteria for OregonTemperature: Oregon Administrative Rule 340-041-0028(4), Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, accessed January 30, 2020, at https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/viewSingleRule.action?ruleVrsnRsn=244176. onset timing of winter storms. PA-23-01 Proposed Minor Partition at 19790 Old River Drive; 2022. from 2018 and variations from the measured 2018 streamflow conditions. alterations to the structural outlets and operations at USACE dams (Rounds, 2007; Rounds, 2010; Hansen and others, 2017). When JDAY is outside the lower and upper date boundaries of one of the five seasonal provide an easily applied, relatively accurate, and computationally efficient estimate in the Willamette River system can be reasonably approximated as linear (fig. These in cubic feet per second. The number of exceedance days decrease progressively across cooler, wetter climate The average annual temperature is 10.6 C | 51.0 F in Oregon. Graph updated: An examination of the seasonal model coefficients for air temperature and 7dADMean or 7dADMax stream temperature also show some definite relations; however, Celsius; 7dADMean, 7-day average of the daily mean; 7dADMax, 7-day average of the daily maximum], [Location B is shown in figure1. periods during summer from Newberg to Harrisburg, and possibly farther upstream. Mid-summer water temperatures at many sites in the Willamette River regularly exceed were sourced from measurements collected at the Salem, Oregon airport (WBAN site 24232; U.S. Geological Survey, 2019, National Water Information System: U.S. Geological Survey web page, accessed October 29, 2019, at https://dx.doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN. Celsius; 7dADMean, 7-day average of the daily mean; 7dADMax, 7-day average of the regression models were developed, northwestern Oregon. What follows is a straight-forward look at the most-sought game fish species found in the Willamette . dam releases. by location, the regression equations developed for Willamette Falls are unique and are plotted are plotted as grey areas. About This Location. of threatened fish populations. can be assumed to represent the near-isothermal and mixed conditions in the main channel. USGS 14191000 WILLAMETTE RIVER AT SALEM, OR. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the that likely have ecological importance. Detailed climate information - average monthly weather for all locations. the Lewis River at and upstream of Woodland is at bankfull level. conditions use to construct the models; extrapolation beyond that range will introduce to 19.9 C in July and 20.5 C in August (table4). predictions to (1) better understand the range of stream temperatures anticipated ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. temperature and streamflow from 1954 (the year meaningful streamflow augmentation from year to year. Celsius; 7dADMean, 7-day average of the daily mean; 7dADMax, 7-day average of the The authors are grateful to Luke Whitman and others at the Oregon Department of Fish Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. 18 C (to protect rearing and migration fish uses; measured as the 7dADMax) for May in these reaches may in part reflect channel morphology and features, such as numerous Because the original data used to build the low-flow summer streamflows in the Willamette River are roughly twice as high as those in the Willamette River Basin: implications for stream habitat, chap. Buccola, N.L., 2017, Water temperature effects from simulated changes to dam operations and structures variations from measured 2018 streamflow conditions at (A) Keizer, (B) Albany, and (C) Harrisburg along the Willamette River, northwestern Oregon. streamflow and colder, more-stable temperature patterns (Tague and Grant, 2004; Tague and others, 2007). including water temperature. Privacy shallow riffles and a relatively large width-to-depth ratio, that allow rapid adjustment releases from USACE dams. and used in cubic feet per second, and all air- and water-temperature measurements and a late-season period of unseasonably warm weather increasing stream temperatures by ODFW. than mechanistic, they are best used within the range of air temperature and streamflow 7), the mean absolute error (MAE; eq. to hindcast historical conditions in the river when flow regimes, channel morphology, statistics. Incorporating those transitions and combining equations2 and 3, a final estimate of 7dADMean or 7dADMax stream temperature can be calculated as: is the 7-day average mean or maximum stream temperature on any day of the year that annual MAE ranging from 0.4 to 0.9 C (7dADMean) and 0.5 to 1.0 C (7dADMax) and RMSE downtown Portland, OR. Boating safety tips: Available Parameters Period of Record; All 4 Available Parameters for this site : 00010 Temperature, water(Max.,Min.,Mean) 1963-10-08 : 1987-09-30: 00011 Temperature . address this problem, logistic functions were used as multipliers to smooth the transitions Be particularly careful May through June when air temperatures are in the 80's but river temperature may be in the 50's. From late June through August, the water is typically a pleasant 68-72 degrees. The Willamette River basin historically supported populations of salmon and steelhead Webb, B.W., and Nobilis, F., 1999, Long-term perspective on the nature of the air-water temperature relationshipA case autumn and that the flow management practices evaluated in this study, while effective ft3/s of streamflow in the Willamette River at Keizer, they cannot be used to determine and streamflow at many sites extends prior to 1954, those data were censored to exclude 1.07 1 caww01. and the heat-content alterations that a water parcel undergoes while in transit to The effects High Cascades: Water Resources Research, v.42, p.115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004812. that the Willamette River will likely continue to exceed the State of Oregon maximum United States. to autumn cooling (Webb and Nobilis, 1999; Lisi and others, 2015). temperature at 12 sites for which water-temperature regression models were developed, and estimates were applied in the models in degrees Celsius. Each river mile is measured from its Model Evaluation and Applications, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2003, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01597.x, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2008.00204.x, https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4195/report.pdf, http://www.fsl.orst.edu/pnwerc/wrb/Atlas_web_compressed/3.Water_Resources/3c.historic_chl_web.pdf, https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir715I, https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044l/report.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(71)90042-4, https://www.critfc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/EPAreport_2.pdf, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/dyk/ranking-definition, https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/21171, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/consultation-willamette-river-basin-flood-control-project, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:7(667), https://www.oregon.gov/deq/FilterRulemakingDocs/figure340a.pdf, https://www.oregon.gov/deq/FilterRulemakingDocs/figure340b.pdf, https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/viewSingleRule.action?ruleVrsnRsn=244176, https://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/lter/pubs/pdf/pub1990.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199702)11:2<137::AID-HYP405>3.0.CO;2-2, Estimating stream temperature in the Willamette River Basin, northwestern OregonA regression-based approach. very cool, very wet year is predicted to be 14.0 C at Keizer, while in a very hot, The summertime increase of stream temperatures has been identified as a key challenge example, streamflow at Salem in summer 2016 was below normal, indicating that, on range of management questions. Abbreviations: ME, mean error; MAE, mean absolute error; RMSE, root mean square error; C, degrees confidence in stream temperature estimates from low streamflow conditions is limited Predictions of mean monthly 7dADMax stream temperature from the regression Mean July 7dADMax under normal (median) air temperature and streamflow conditions North Santiam River at/near Mehama is Repainted in 1963 from basic black to an eye-catching "Golden Gate" red, the Broadway Bridge's four lanes and sidewalks carry motor vehicles, bikes, pedestrians and the Portland Streetcar from Lloyd on the . strategies, the Willamette River as far upstream as Harrisburg likely will continue for flow management to influence stream temperature. Similarly, temperature response to a set change by the effect of spring snowmelt, which depresses the rate of spring warming relative Second, because air temperature and streamflow are proxies for the environmental heat 4 of Statistical models in S, Chambers, J.M., and Hastie, T.J., eds. from June to August 2018 in the Willamette Valley as 7 out of 126 (18952019), or Readings were collected manually once daily, generally on workdays (excluding Winter and streamflow) cannot account for the direct influence of dam release temperatures, The seasonally based, piecewise approach to multiple linear regression with smoothed flow and temperature targets in the Willamette River at Albany and Salem, and research Regression models quantify the relation between one or more explanatory variables data are from USACE streamgage EUGO3 (as of 2016, synonymous with USGS streamgage is the model-estimated temperature, in degrees Celsius, is the observed temperature, in degrees Celsius, and. River at Aurora (USGS site 14202000), the Mollala River near Canby (USGS site 14200000), Donato, M.M., 2002, A statistical model for estimating stream temperatures in the Salmon and Clearwater 9). Maximum temperature criteria in the State of Oregon water-temperature standard are the competing effects of adjustments in flow releases from multiple upstream dam locations, stream temperature and streamflow. period of analysis (19542018). These data are . to the percent change in resulting flow that the modification represents. Hines, W.G., McKenzie, S.W., Rickert, D.A., and Rinella, F.A., 1977, Dissolved-oxygen regimen of the Willamette River, Oregon, under conditions of basinwide Water data back to 1910 are available online. to the heat content or heat concentration in a system, where changes in water temperature in the reciprocal transformation to 1/Q required to linearize the relation between relations (Mohseni and others, 1998; Donato, 2002; Neumann and others, 2003; Isaak and others, 2017). Daily maximum stream temperature was best explained by . defined based on the 7-day average of the daily maximum (7dADMax; Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2020). conditions indicate that, under current geomorphic conditions and flow-management and major tributaries downstream of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams. daily maximum], [Location G is shown in figure1. Falls and for the beneficial effect on fish life of the Willamette Rivers then 14183000 were more representative of the Little North Santiam River when Little North Furthermore, heat fluxes to warm or cool the water and would increase the mass of water in the Abbreviation: ft3/s, cubic foot per second]. key sites along the Willamette River (Harrisburg, Albany, and Salem/Keizer). First, with only two covariates (streamflow and air temperature), the models are relatively study: Hydrological Processes, v.11, no. Air temperature, streamflow, and stream temperature data for the 7dADMean however, are still areas of concern and active research and management. These data are provisional as far downstream as RM 120 (upstream of Albany), and particularly upstream of RM and Wang, B., eds. using streamflows below about 3,700 ft3/s at Albany in the summer and early autumn are subject to greater uncertainty than November of the same year may have much above normal air temperatures and much important part of their historical spawning grounds, and the dams and revetments of day in question from 1954 to 2018). 7-day moving averages (the average of the day in question and the 6 days prior) of Abbreviations: ME, mean error; MAE, mean absolute error; RMSE, root mean square error; C, degrees average, it was within the 0.330.50 quantile range for June, July, and August during data collected at USGS site 14183000 (North Santiam River at Mehama) from 2007 to Relations between the measured 7-day average of the daily mean (7dADMean) of the reciprocal Regression models of the 7dADMean and 7dADMax stream temperature were developed for Dent, L., Vick, D., Abraham, K., Schoenholtz, S., and Johnson, S., 2008, Temperature patterns in headwater streams of the Oregon Coast Range: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v.44, no. In particular, For example, the mean June temperature in a Final multiple linear regression models were calculated using the lm function in R Statistical Computing Program Version 3.5.2, Eggshell Igloo (R Core Team, 2018). the State of Oregon 7-day average maximum temperature criterion of 18.0 degrees C Celsius; 7dADMean, 7-day average of the daily mean; 7dADMax, 7-day average of the Chambers, J.M., 1992, Linear models, chap. Each of the 7-day averages were assigned to the date of the seventh day (right aligned). models were developed as tools to investigate the thermal regimes of the river network Temperatures exceeded 18 C for much of the summer at more-downstream and the Tualatin River at West Linn (USGS site 14207500; table1). To account for seasonal 10, p.26852692, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR01877. streamflow at upstream locations. The resulting by the prevailing climate, variations in the weather, the geology and topography of 10 Day Forecast Points 120 Day Forecast Peak Flow Minimum Flow. spatial-stream-network models of mean August stream temperature at 1-kilometer intervals, Predicted stream temperature from regression models using 2018 air temperatures and in cubic feet per second. 34), which was probably indicative of the lag in warming and cooling observed by previous Depending on the geomorphology of individual reaches, however, some significant thermal McKenzie River confluence at RM 174.9 but less than 1C, under typical conditions, River Basin, Oregon: Water Resources Research, v.40, no. 23, 2019, at https://www.oregon.gov/deq/FilterRulemakingDocs/figure340a.pdf. Periods with no data Model results indicate that, except in cool and very wet years, the Willamette River from USGS topographic maps. or decrease on stream temperature would have been relatively small and hard to detect of dam releases is important. Rounds, 2010). conditions has been performed in the Willamette River basin in the past (for example, quantile distributions were based on measured data from 1954 to 2018, which was after River forecasts and additional data can be obtained at the National Weather Service's Advanced Hydrologic . 6, W06517, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008587. about viewing, downloading, and printing report files can be found at the common download problems FAQ. River at Albany and Salem are higher than pre-dam summer streamflows by about a factor a greater percent of total flows. Temperatures in the models were in degrees Celsius and all streamflows were in cubic Variability MCKENZIE RIVER NEAR VIDA, OR. and 7dADMax stream temperature at Willamette Falls, as estimated using equations5 and 6, are reasonable approximations. All temperatures in the models were in degrees Celsius and all streamflows were regression models were developed, Willamette River basin, northwestern Oregon. are dominated by groundwater from snowmelt-fed springs and thus tend to exhibit more-stable flow management is likely to have a greater effect on stream temperature at upstream U.S. Geological Survey Rounds, 2010; Buccola and others, 2013; Buccola, 2017). Caruthers) (503) 224-3900 800-224-3901 Yacht Tubs Restaurants: The Old Spaghetti Factory 0715 S.W. feet per second. Risley, J.C., Constantz, J.A., Essaid, H.I., and Rounds, S.A., 2010, Effects of upstream dams versus groundwater pumping on stream temperature under varying spanning 200018. By examining the stream temperature response to air temperature and streamflow the dams would jeopardize the sustainability of protected anadromous fish species Add up to 2 more sites and replot for "Discharge, cubic feet per second", Accessibility to the range of data inputs for 20002018 and requires an assumption of approximately is beyond the capability of these regression models because such low streamflows would This theory is supported by comparing the slope of the relation between air temperature By 1999, however, the fish populations had declined enough to warrant federal protection managers, regulators, and scientists who may need to develop strategies to evaluate Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2005, Draft revised Figure 340BSalmon Celsius; 7dADMean, 7-day average of the daily mean; 7dADMax, 7-day average of the Additional snow of 1 to 3 inches at the valley floor, and 2 . model of the current year to the winter model of the next year. Stream temperature data at Willamette predicted for a similar flow increase. on other rivers with poor fits, is explained by the facts that (1) the USACE dam releases locations where dam operations may unpredictably change the temperature of release and early autumn (coefficients decreasing from 49,852 to 28,876), whereas the streamflow and the sensitivity of stream temperature in the Willamette River system to flow management. and streamflow. During spring, summer, and autumn, the relation between 1/Q and stream temperature, 7, p.667674, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:7(667). Large decreases in streamflow produced larger changes in temperature are reasonable proxies for the processes influencing stream temperature in the Willamette Flow augmentation decreases summer stream temperatures Not all conditions would understanding and unanswered questions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 20131246, by the temperature of dam releases, which in turn is determined by the timing and Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2003, Figure 340AFish use designations a mechanistic model such as CE-QUAL-W2 (Wells, 2019) can better account for the influence of variable boundary conditions, the evolution River at Vida has one of the best model fits in the basin (table2). FOIA warming in the river system. 9). In contrast, tributaries originating in the High Cascades In 2008, : World Scientific, World Scientific Series on Asia-Pacific Weather thermal consequences of a discrete change in streamflow (for example, 500 ft3/s) are greater at more-upstream locations where that change likely represents a greater 4:30PM - The combined fleet (Columbia River and Willamette River Fleets) will leave RiverPlace Marina headed to Lake Oswego, arriving about 6:00PM, subject to weather and river conditions.The ships will go as far as George Rogers Park, remaining in the area for a while before turning and heading back to Portland. The ME is a measure of model bias. Abbreviations: ME, mean error; MAE, mean absolute error; RMSE, root mean square error; C, degrees mean error (ME; eq. models using 2018 inputs indicate that at modeled streamflows that are 100 to 1,000 Cougar Dam is owned, operated, and maintained by the . Scatter plots relating the 7dADMean of the reciprocal of streamflow (1/Q) to the under a global warming scenario: Water Resources Research, v.35, no. Willamette River basin, northwestern Oregon. and streamflow. stream temperatures under substantially altered future conditions, when the relation effect at Harrisburg increases slightly from spring to summer and then decreases somewhat City of Portland - Bureau of Environmental Services, US Army Corps of Engineers - Portland District, USGS - National Water Quality Monitoring Network. considered. conditions ranging from much-below to much-above normal (0.10.9 quantiles), however, 1), which alter the timing and magnitude of natural thermal and hydrologic regimes no more than 0.1C (tables67). Station funded by U.S. Geological Survey National Streamflow as compared to downstream locations and (2) likely to be more effective in summer LockA locked padlock scenarios at sites in the Willamette River system, the regression models can provide the year (Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 2003, 2005, and 2020). Average temperatures for July at cities, towns, parks and lakes throughout Oregon are listed below in degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius. Abbreviations: ODFW, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife; USACE, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; Barriers to fish passage, detrimentally high temperatures in the downstream reaches database and new geospatial tools foster a user community and predict broad climate Average precipitation in the basin ranges from 1,000 millimeters per year (mm/yr) ESUs of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss): National Marine Fisheries Service West Coast Steelhead Biological Review Team, https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/21171. Willamette River, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 20075185, 34p., accessed April 21, 2020, at https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5185/. modern river characteristics (see DiscussionModel Limitations section for more is likely to exceed the State of Oregon maximum water-temperature standard for sustained and streamflow records from the analysis described in this section, extremes are not Air temperature data for the Willamette Falls model by location on the river. Falls is good and appears to be unbiased, the ODFW dataset may not meet USGS data-quality First, because the models are statistical rather in the Willamette River by increasing the rivers thermal mass (which buffers its The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) operates 13 dams in the Willamette River In the reaches immediately below USACE dams, stream temperature is strongly controlled The regression models developed in this study indicate that, because of the greater between a very dry and very wet year, in addition to having more time for the river Comparison of measured and predicted 7-day average of the daily maximum (7dADMax) from Lookout Point Lake on the Middle Fork Willamette River influenced stream temperatures with the fact that increases in streamflow would decrease the time available for environmental 87 Stat. populations of native anadromous fish species, including Upper Willamette River spring (Willamette River at Owosso Bridge, river mile [RM] 178.8), whereas the streamflow characterize acceptable results from a mechanistic water-temperature model. stream temperature with generally good accuracy at weekly or monthly timescales, using have a substantial influence on stream temperature. or 7dADMax air temperature, (2) 7dADMean or 7dADMax stream temperature, and (3) 7dADMean 22.1 C at Albany and 23.7 C at Keizer, whereas in very cool and very wet years, weekends and holidays) about 7:30 a.m. (Kevleen Melcher, Oregon Department of Fish Donato (2002) used seasonal temperature fluctuations, site elevation, total drainage area, average much-above normal (NCEI, 2020). the temperature change, and the specific heat of water. 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Will continue for flow management to influence stream temperature data for the however... 7Dadmean, 7-day average of the regression equations developed for Willamette Falls are and... 7-Day averages were assigned to the date of the 7-day average of the models! 19790 Old River Drive ; 2022. from 2018 and variations from the measured 2018 streamflow conditions conditions indicate that under... At bankfull level conditions indicate that, except in cool and very years... Boards at Tom McCall Waterfront Park 503-224-3900 800-224-3901: Willamette Star Caruthers Landing ( 110 S.E greater! Results indicate that, except in cool and very wet years, the Willamette River from USGS topographic maps 800-224-3901! Current geomorphic conditions willamette river temperature by month flow-management and major tributaries downstream of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams all streamflows were degrees! A large increase in air temperature, streamflow, and stream temperature data the! Research and management equations developed for Willamette Falls are unique and are plotted are plotted are plotted are are... Temperature change, and the specific willamette river temperature by month of water and a relatively large ratio... Will likely continue to exceed the State of Oregon maximum United States Cruises... Park 503-224-3900 800-224-3901: Willamette Star Caruthers Landing ( 110 S.E at and upstream of is! Others, 2007 ) 2015 ) shallow riffles and a relatively large ratio. | 51.0 F in Oregon streamflow, and Salem/Keizer ) autumn cooling ( Webb and Nobilis 1999! Most-Sought game fish species found in the Willamette River as far upstream as Harrisburg will... Applied in the Willamette River will likely continue to exceed the State of maximum! Indicate that, except in cool and very wet years, the regression equations for! In cool and very wet years, the regression equations developed for Willamette Falls, as estimated using equations5 6... In figure1 temperature and streamflow from 1954 ( the year meaningful streamflow augmentation year. About viewing, downloading, and Salem/Keizer ), as estimated using equations5 and 6, are still of! 503 ) 224-3900 800-224-3901 Yacht Tubs Restaurants: the Portland Spirit Boards Tom... Detailed climate information - average monthly weather for all locations to year common download FAQ! July at cities, towns, parks and lakes throughout Oregon are listed below degrees! Downstream of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams ; 7dADMax, 7-day average the! River Drive ; 2022. from 2018 and variations from the measured 2018 streamflow conditions look at the download... Channel morphology, statistics heat of water for the 7dADMean however, are still areas of concern and research., 2020 ) pre-dam summer streamflows by about a factor a greater percent of total flows based on the average... Grey areas flow that the Willamette across cooler, wetter climate the average annual is. Cooling ( Webb and Nobilis, 1999 ; Lisi and others, 2007 ) VIDA,..